对读译文之前,先确立共同的字面对象
所选写本乾卦经句是“乾元亨利貞”。[1] 短句仍给译者留下多项选择:把某词写成动作、性质还是判断?一个汉字对应一个外语词,还是需要几个词?解释性理解应放入注释,还是直接带进译文?对读实际版本,可以让这些决定显现出来。
本文使用理雅各James Legge的1882年英语《The Yî King》,以及P.-L.-F. Philastre的1885年法语《Le Yi: King》。[3][4] 两者是不同原语言的译释。下文对法语的英中说明由本站原创,不是假借后出英译的现成句子;也不声称两位译者使用了本站所选日本写本。共同的经文字面是比较对象,每个版本的身份另行保留。
古解本身也作了选择
所选疏文说“元亨利貞者是乾之四德也”,另一处又以“子夏傳云元始也亨通也利和也貞正也”引出解释。[2] 可读为:元为始,亨为通,利为和,贞为正。“子夏传”是疏内所作的引述归属,本次阅读不能因此认证子夏亲笔,或独立考定这项署名。
这说明解释活动并非到了现代翻译才出现。把四词称为四德,给各词安排说明词,已经是在作解释。古解可以帮助译者,却不会取消目标语言选词的需要。它也不能并入较短的经句,再被当成同一文字层自身印出的全部含义。
理雅各将四词展开为英语判断
原刊所选译句是:“Khien (represents) what is great and originating, penetrating, advantageous, correct and firm.”[3] 括号里的represents,明确在卦名与描述之间添加一项连接。英句也超过四个简单形容词:“great and originating”是一组,“correct and firm”又是一组。本文据此理解,译者让元与贞的某些面向更加显露,而没有强求一字只对一词。
Penetrating会把读者引向穿通或贯通,advantageous则将利放在有利这一评价方向。这是对页面实际词语的观察,不是只凭一句便考定理雅各全部翻译理论。要研究他的完整方法,还须另读导言与注释。有限比较已经揭示责任:扩展的译文应继续署给译者,而不被误当成经句多出了相应汉字。
Philastre选择四个法语表达
实际法句为:“Khièn ; Cause initiale, Liberté, bien, perfection”。[4] 本站给出便于比较的字面引导:“初始原因、自由、善/好、完善。”对应英语引导为“initial cause, freedom, good, perfection”。这些原创引导故意显出词汇选择,并未解决每个词在该译者全部评释中的意义。
尤其不能因为Liberté在现代常译为自由,就直接说此译句正在论述现代政治自由;那需要超出所选一句的语境证据。此处能确定的是,这个法语名词给读者的即时联想,与英语penetrating不同。同样,perfection是一个抽象名词,理雅各的correct and firm却连接两个面向。本站再将这些表达转成英中说明,又形成一层解释,理应公开标明。
比较选择,而不评出一个总冠军
| 经文词 | 理雅各所选英语 | Philastre所选法语 | 本文的问题 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 元 | great and originating | Cause initiale | 将性质与开始合说,还是突出原因? |
| 亨 | penetrating | Liberté | 哪种表达引导通达或开放的联想? |
| 利 | advantageous | bien | 强调有利、善好,还是另种评价? |
| 貞 | correct and firm | perfection | 合说正与坚,还是选一个抽象名词? |
图表默认完整显示;点击图表可放大查看。 打开原图 · PNG
这张词语对应表是本站的有限分析安排,不是译者分数,也不是完整字典条目,不能由此说四词在其他地方总有相同含义。古解另外提供一条解释参照,其责任依然与译文分开。
页码与版本日期也是论证的一部分
理雅各题名页实见姓名、牛津Clarendon Press及1882年。乾译句位于扫描图86,该页未见印刷页码;目录指向57、下一图实见58,可支持推定印页57,不能说这一页亲见了57。[3] Philastre题名页实见巴黎Ernest Leroux及1885年;译句在扫描图23,实际可见印页13。[4] 扫描序号、实见印页与推定页码须分别说明。
本文只取两部十九世纪原刊的有限译句,再作原创分析,不转载原影,不以受现代版权保护的后出译文替代原刊,也不声称已经完整比较两人的全部评释。有效的译文对读,收获是对每项选择及其来源更清楚的说明:经文留下哪些空间,古解添加什么,译者又显明什么。读者因而可以据公开的决定评估译法,而不把流畅外语误认成没有解释者的透明答案。
依据与延伸阅读
經/乾卦辭;卷1,扫描图2,写本叶码未核定。所选来源页
疏/乾卦辭解說;卷1,扫描图3,写本叶码未核定。所选来源页
乾卦首句译文/Qian opening translation;扫描图86,印页57为目录与邻页所支持的推定,该页未见数字。所选来源页 另见:Original title page: Legge / Clarendon Press /1882 / scan10 另见:Contents supports opening page57 / scan13 另见:Following page visibly numbered58 / scan87
乾卦首句译文/Qian opening translation;扫描图23,实见印页13。所选来源页 另见:Original title page: Philastre / Ernest Leroux /1885 / scan9
別046-0003写本馆目字段/manuscript catalogue fields;来源网页,古本印页不适用。所选来源页
经、传、疏、译文与现代学术分别归属。重文标记按已注明方式展开;现代断句、翻译、图表与比较为本站原创。原影不转载,未核叶码保空;有限解读不等全书校定、作者亲笔认证或现实预测验证。
本篇依据与来源角色
下列角色区分古本正文、旧注、文献史研究与工具复算;篇末编号源注保留具体图页及其说明。馆藏或学术来源不表示对命理预测的认可。
- YC3-E01-QIAN-JING · 古本文字依据: 經/乾卦辭
原图文字层次: Classical Qian judgement; finite selected wording in the identified manuscript. Classical text, explanatory Wings and subcommentary are separately attributed.National Archives of Japan 別046-0003 Zhou yi zhu shu manuscript; copying era catalogued as Muromachi, actual copying date unverified
卷1 · 扫描 2 · 未核见本页页码
The selected classical four-term statement is distinct from the neighbouring explanation. Punctuation and translations are editorial.
Not a full-volume collation, composition dating, original autograph authentication, variant census, predictive efficacy, or complete Ten Wings study.
- YC3-E12-QIAN-JING-GUSHU · 古本疏解依据: 疏/乾卦辭解說
原图文字层次: Old subcommentary on the Qian judgement; finite selected wording in the identified manuscript. Classical text, explanatory Wings and subcommentary are separately attributed.National Archives of Japan 別046-0003 Zhou yi zhu shu manuscript; copying era catalogued as Muromachi, actual copying date unverified
卷1 · 扫描 3 · 未核见本页页码
The same subcommentary separately quotes 子夏傳云元始也亨通也利和也貞正也 across adjacent columns. This is an attribution within the subcommentary, not authentication of a Zixia autograph.
Not a full-volume collation, composition dating, original autograph authentication, variant census, predictive efficacy, or complete Ten Wings study.
- YC3-E14-LEGGE1882-QIAN · 十九世纪译本: 乾卦首句译文/Qian opening translation
译本文本层次: Translation of canonical Qian hexagram opening; its own commentary follows separately; a nineteenth-century translator’s wording, not the classical Chinese or a modern later translation.James Legge, The Yî King, Oxford: Clarendon Press,1882; original title-page fields actually read
Sacred Books of the East, volume16, The Sacred Books of China, PartII · 扫描 86 · 未核见本页页码 · 推定页码(非本页可见) 57
Khien (represents) what is great and originating, penetrating, advantageous, correct and firm.
另列定位依据: Original title page: Legge / Clarendon Press /1882 · 扫描 10 (未核见页码); Contents supports opening page57 · 扫描 13 (印页 viii); Following page visibly numbered58 · 扫描 87 (印页 58)
The actual title page at scan10 credits James Legge, Oxford Clarendon Press and1882. Scan86 has no visible page numeral. Contents scan13 points to57 and scan87 visibly shows58;57 is therefore inferred. The selected wording is English, and its correspondence to the four Chinese terms is the present author’s analysis.
No claim that this translator used the selected Japanese manuscript; no whole-commentary comparison, current copyrighted translation or source-scan republication.
- YC3-E15-PHILASTRE1885-QIAN · 十九世纪译本: 乾卦首句译文/Qian opening translation
译本文本层次: Translation of canonical Qian hexagram opening; its own commentary follows separately; a nineteenth-century translator’s wording, not the classical Chinese or a modern later translation.P.-L.-F. Philastre, Le Yi: King, Première partie, Paris: Ernest Leroux,1885; original title-page fields actually read
Première partie · 扫描 23 · 印页 13
Khièn ; Cause initiale, Liberté, bien, perfection
另列定位依据: Original title page: Philastre / Ernest Leroux /1885 · 扫描 9 (未核见页码)
Original title page scan9 credits P.-L.-F. Philastre, Première partie, Paris Ernest Leroux and1885. The quoted French occurs at scan23, visibly numbered13, alongside 乾。元亨利貞。; the following Cheng commentary heading is a separate layer. English and Chinese guides to the French are original explanations by the present author.
No claim that this translator used the selected Japanese manuscript; no whole-commentary comparison, current copyrighted translation or source-scan republication.
- YC3-E00-CATALOGUE · 历史写本馆藏书目: 別046-0003写本馆目字段/manuscript catalogue fields
书目文本层次: Institutional-linked catalogue identification through the mirror. Muromachi is a catalogue era label, not a physical copying inscription.National Archives of Japan 別046-0003 Zhou yi zhu shu manuscript; copying era catalogued as Muromachi, actual copying date unverified
This collection uses finite classical, Wing and subcommentary passages. The thirteen-volume corpus is not wholly collated; original authorship of the Wings is not authenticated here.
No fresh official/mirror byte-equivalence verification, original autograph or complete critical edition claimed.
